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The 312-85 exam is a vendor-neutral certification that is recognized globally, making it an attractive option for those looking to expand their career opportunities in the field of cybersecurity. It covers a wide range of topics, including threat intelligence fundamentals, threat modeling, data analysis, and cybersecurity frameworks.
NEW QUESTION # 42
Henry. a threat intelligence analyst at ABC Inc., is working on a threat intelligence program. He was assigned to work on establishing criteria for prioritization of intelligence needs and requirements.
Which of the following considerations must be employed by Henry to prioritize intelligence requirements?
- A. Develop a collection plan
- B. Produce actionable data
- C. Understand data reliability
- D. Understand frequency and impact of a threat
Answer: D
Explanation:
When prioritizing intelligence requirements, it is crucial to understand the frequency and impact of various threats. This approach helps in allocating resources effectively, focusing on threats that are both likely to occur and that would have significant consequences if they did. By assessing threats based on these criteria, Henry can ensure that the threat intelligence program addresses the most pressing and potentially damaging threats first, thereby enhancing the organization's security posture. This prioritization is essential for effective threat management and for ensuring that the most critical threats are addressed promptly.References:
* "Cyber Threat Intelligence: Prioritizing and Using CTI Effectively," by SANS Institute
* "Threat Intelligence: What It Is, and How to Use It Effectively," by Gartner
NEW QUESTION # 43
Alice, an analyst, shared information with security operation managers and network operations center (NOC) staff for protecting the organizational resources against various threats. Information shared by Alice was highly technical and include threat actor TTPs, malware campaigns, tools used by threat actors, and so on.
Which of the following types of threat intelligence was shared by Alice?
- A. Tactical threat intelligence
- B. Strategic threat intelligence
- C. Technical threat intelligence
- D. Operational threat intelligence
Answer: A
Explanation:
The information shared by Alice, which was highly technical and included details such as threat actor tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs), malware campaigns, and tools used by threat actors, aligns with the definition of tactical threat intelligence. This type of intelligence focuses on the immediate, technical indicators of threats and is used bysecurity operation managers and network operations center (NOC) staff to protect organizational resources. Tactical threat intelligence is crucial for configuring security solutions and adjusting defense mechanisms to counteract known threats effectively.References:
* "Tactical Cyber Intelligence," Cyber Threat Intelligence Network, Inc.
* "Cyber Threat Intelligence for Front Line Defenders: A Practical Guide," by James Dietle
NEW QUESTION # 44
Organizations must choose the right threat intelligence platform to assess and leverage intelligence information, monitor multiple enforcement points, manage intelligence feeds, and select appropriate security for digital assets.
Which of the following key factors ensures that the threat intelligence platform offers a structured way to perform investigations on attacks by processing the threat intelligence and utilizing internal security controls to automate the detection process?
- A. Workflow
- B. Open
- C. Search
- D. Scoring
Answer: A
Explanation:
The key factor that enables a structured and automated process for investigating attacks, processing intelligence, and integrating it with internal controls is Workflow.
In a Threat Intelligence Platform (TIP), the workflow defines a structured sequence of steps or processes that analysts follow to collect, process, analyze, and act on intelligence data. It ensures that:
* Intelligence is processed consistently and efficiently.
* Alerts, investigations, and responses follow predefined automation rules.
* Internal controls are linked with threat feeds for faster detection and mitigation.
A well-designed workflow also supports investigation automation, report generation, and integration with other security systems such as SIEM, SOAR, and EDR tools.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
* A. Scoring: Refers to prioritizing or rating intelligence based on risk or severity but does not automate investigations.
* B. Search: Involves querying the intelligence database for specific data but lacks structured investigation processes.
* D. Open: Indicates an open architecture or API support, not workflow automation or process structuring.
Conclusion:
The correct factor that ensures structured, automated investigations in a Threat Intelligence Platform is Workflow.
Final Answer: C. Workflow
Explanation Reference (Based on CTIA Study Concepts):
CTIA defines workflow as a key element in threat intelligence platforms that organizes and automates intelligence-driven investigations across multiple security controls.
NEW QUESTION # 45
An XYZ organization hired Mr. Andrews, a threat analyst. In order to identify the threats and mitigate the effect of such threats, Mr. Andrews was asked to perform threat modeling. During the process of threat modeling, he collected important information about the treat actor and characterized the analytic behavior of the adversary that includes technological details, goals, and motives that can be useful in building a strong countermeasure.
What stage of the threat modeling is Mr. Andrews currently in?
- A. Threat profiling and attribution
- B. System modeling
- C. Threat determination and identification
- D. Threat ranking
Answer: A
Explanation:
During the threat modeling process, Mr. Andrews is in the stage of threat profiling and attribution, where he is collecting important information about the threat actor and characterizing the analytic behavior of the adversary. This stage involves understanding the technological details, goals, motives, and potential capabilities of the adversaries, which is essential for building effective countermeasures. Threat profiling and attribution help in creating a detailed picture of the adversary, contributing to a more focused and effective defense strategy.
References:
"The Art of Threat Profiling," by John Pirc, SANS Institute Reading Room
"Threat Modeling: Designing for Security," by Adam Shostack
NEW QUESTION # 46
Tracy works as a CISO in a large multinational company. She consumes threat intelligence to understand the changing trends of cyber security. She requires intelligence to understand the current business trends and make appropriate decisions regarding new technologies, security budget, improvement of processes, and staff. The intelligence helps her in minimizing business risks and protecting the new technology and business initiatives.
Identify the type of threat intelligence consumer is Tracy.
- A. Strategic users
- B. Operational users
- C. Technical users
- D. Tactical users
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 47
Lizzy, an analyst, wants to recognize the level of risks to the organization so as to plan countermeasures against cyber attacks. She used a threat modelling methodology where she performed the following stages:
Stage 1: Build asset-based threat profiles
Stage 2: Identify infrastructure vulnerabilities
Stage 3: Develop security strategy and plans
Which of the following threat modelling methodologies was used by Lizzy in the aforementioned scenario?
- A. DREAD
- B. VAST
- C. OCTAVE
- D. TRIKE
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 48
Jack is a professional hacker who wants to perform remote exploitation on the target system of an organization. He established a two-way communication channel between the victim's system and his server.
He used encryption techniques to hide the presence of a communication channel on a victim's system and further applied privilege escalation techniques to exploit the system.
What phase of the cyber kill chain methodology is Jack currently in?
- A. Weaponization
- B. Command and Control
- C. Reconnaissance
- D. Delivery
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the Cyber Kill Chain model, the Command and Control (C2) phase refers to the stage where the attacker establishes a communication channel between the compromised system and their own server to maintain remote control, issue commands, and exfiltrate data.
In the given scenario, Jack has already compromised the system and set up a two-way communication link, which is encrypted to avoid detection. This activity is characteristic of the Command and Control phase.
Key Characteristics of the Command and Control Phase:
* The attacker establishes remote communication with the compromised host.
* Encryption or obfuscation methods are used to hide the channel.
* The attacker uses this channel to send further commands, escalate privileges, and execute malicious actions.
* Typical tools: Remote Access Trojans (RATs), backdoors, and tunneling techniques.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
* B. Weaponization:This phase involves creating or configuring the malicious payload or exploit (e.g., binding malware to a document or executable). It occurs before the attack delivery.
* C. Reconnaissance:The attacker gathers information about the target (network structure, vulnerabilities) before launching an attack.
* D. Delivery:This phase involves transmitting the weaponized payload to the target through methods such as email attachments, infected links, or USB drives.
Conclusion:
By establishing an encrypted communication channel and controlling the victim's system remotely, Jack is in the Command and Control phase of the Cyber Kill Chain.
Final Answer: A. Command and Control
Explanation Reference (Based on CTIA Study Concepts):
As defined in CTIA materials under "Adversary Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs)" and "Cyber Kill Chain Stages," the Command and Control phase involves creating and maintaining communication between compromised hosts and attacker infrastructure for persistent access and control.
NEW QUESTION # 49
Cybersol Technologies initiated a cyber-threat intelligence program with a team of threat intelligence analysts. During the process, the analysts started converting the raw data into useful information by applying various techniques, such as machine-based techniques, and statistical methods.
In which of the following phases of the threat intelligence lifecycle is the threat intelligence team currently working?
- A. Analysis and production
- B. Processing and exploitation
- C. Dissemination and integration
- D. Planning and direction
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 50
During the process of threat intelligence analysis, John, a threat analyst, successfully extracted an indication of adversary's information, such as Modus operandi, tools, communication channels, and forensics evasion strategies used by adversaries.
Identify the type of threat intelligence analysis is performed by John.
- A. Strategic threat intelligence analysis
- B. Tactical threat intelligence analysis
- C. Technical threat intelligence analysis
- D. Operational threat intelligence analysis
Answer: B
Explanation:
Tactical threat intelligence analysis focuses on the immediate, technical indicators of threats, such as the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used by adversaries, their communication channels, the tools and software they utilize, and their strategies for evading forensic analysis. This type of analysis is crucial for operational defenses and is used by security teams to adjust their defenses against current threats. Since John successfully extracted information related to the adversaries' modus operandi, tools, communication channels, and evasion strategies, he is performing tactical threat intelligence analysis. This differs from strategic and operational threat intelligence, which focus on broader trends and specific operations, respectively, and from technical threat intelligence, which deals with technical indicators like malware signatures and IPs.References:
* "Tactical Cyber Intelligence," by Cyber Threat Intelligence Network, Inc.
* "Intelligence-Driven Incident Response: Outwitting the Adversary," by Scott J. Roberts and Rebekah Brown
NEW QUESTION # 51
In which of the following forms of bulk data collection are large amounts of data first collected from multiple sources in multiple formats and then processed to achieve threat intelligence?
- A. Structured form
- B. Unstructured form
- C. Hybrid form
- D. Production form
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 52
Tech Crunch Inc. has hired John, who is a professional threat intelligence analyst. He was asked to conduct threat intelligence analysis that provides contextual information about the security events and incidents that further help the organization to disclose potential risks, provide greater insight into attacker methodologies, identify past malicious activities, and perform investigations on malicious activities in a more efficient way.
Identify the type of threat intelligence John is going to perform for the organization.
- A. Strategic threat intelligence
- B. Technical threat intelligence
- C. Tactical threat intelligence
- D. Operational threat intelligence
Answer: D
Explanation:
The description focuses on contextual information about events and incidents, including attacker methodologies, risks, and historical malicious activity. This aligns with Operational Threat Intelligence.
Operational Threat Intelligence provides actionable insights about current or recent attacks, giving context that supports incident response and security operations. It connects individual technical indicators with the larger picture of attacker campaigns and motives.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
* B. Strategic threat intelligence: Focuses on long-term, high-level planning for executives.
* C. Technical threat intelligence: Deals with raw indicators such as hashes, IPs, and URLs.
* D. Tactical threat intelligence: Focuses on adversary TTPs for defense operations, not contextual event analysis.
Conclusion:
John is performing Operational Threat Intelligence, which enriches event data with contextual information for investigation and response.
Final Answer: A. Operational threat intelligence
Explanation Reference (Based on CTIA Study Concepts):
CTIA defines operational threat intelligence as intelligence that provides context for incidents and ongoing attacks, helping organizations understand threats at a campaign or activity level.
NEW QUESTION # 53
Mr. Bob, a threat analyst, is performing analysis of competing hypotheses (ACH). He has reached to a stage where he is required to apply his analysis skills effectively to reject as many hypotheses and select the best hypotheses from the identified bunch of hypotheses, and this is done with the help of listed evidence. Then, he prepares a matrix where all the screened hypotheses are placed on the top, and the listed evidence for the hypotheses are placed at the bottom.
What stage of ACH is Bob currently in?
- A. Refinement
- B. Diagnostics
- C. Evidence
- D. Inconsistency
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) process, the stage where Mr. Bob is applying analysis to reject hypotheses and select the most likely one based on listed evidence, followed by preparing a matrix with screened hypotheses and evidence, is known as the 'Refinement' stage. This stage involves refining the list of hypotheses by systematically evaluating the evidence against each hypothesis, leading to the rejection of inconsistent hypotheses and the strengthening of the most plausible ones. The preparation of a matrix helps visualize the relationship between each hypothesis and the available evidence, facilitating a more objective and structured analysis.References:
* "Psychology of Intelligence Analysis" by Richards J. Heuer, Jr., for the CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence
* "A Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence Analysis" by the CIA
NEW QUESTION # 54
Jame, a professional hacker, is trying to hack the confidential information of a target organization. He identified the vulnerabilities in the target system and created a tailored deliverable malicious payload using an exploit and a backdoor to send it to the victim.
Which of the following phases of cyber kill chain methodology is Jame executing?
- A. Weaponization
- B. Installation
- C. Reconnaissance
- D. Exploitation
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 55
Tracy works as a CISO in a large multinational company. She consumes threat intelligence to understand the changing trends of cyber security. She requires intelligence to understand the current business trends and make appropriate decisions regarding new technologies, security budget, improvement of processes, and staff. The intelligence helps her in minimizing business risks and protecting the new technology and business initiatives.
Identify the type of threat intelligence consumer is Tracy.
- A. Strategic users
- B. Operational users
- C. Technical users
- D. Tactical users
Answer: A
Explanation:
Tracy, as a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), requires intelligence that aids in understanding broader business and cybersecurity trends, making informed decisions regarding new technologies, security budgets, process improvements, and staffing. This need aligns with the role of a strategic user of threat intelligence.
Strategic users leverage intelligence to guide long-term planning and decision-making, focusing on minimizing business risks and safeguarding against emerging threats to new technology and business initiatives. This type of intelligence is less about the technical specifics of individual threats and more about understanding the overall threat landscape, regulatory environment, and industry trends to inform high-level strategy and policy.References:
* "The Role of Strategic Intelligence in Cybersecurity," Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
* "Cyber Threat Intelligence and the Lessons from Law Enforcement," by Robert M. Lee and David Bianco, SANS Institute Reading Room
NEW QUESTION # 56
Tracy works as a CISO in a large multinational company. She consumes threat intelligence to understand the changing trends of cyber security. She requires intelligence to understand the current business trends and make appropriate decisions regarding new technologies, security budget, improvement of processes, and staff.
The intelligence helps her in minimizing business risks and protecting the new technology and business initiatives.
Identify the type of threat intelligence consumer is Tracy.
- A. Strategic users
- B. Operational users
- C. Technical users
- D. Tactical users
Answer: A
Explanation:
Tracy, as a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), requires intelligence that aids in understanding broader business and cybersecurity trends, making informed decisions regarding new technologies, security budgets, process improvements, and staffing. This need aligns with the role of a strategic user of threat intelligence. Strategic users leverage intelligence to guide long-term planning and decision-making, focusing on minimizing business risks and safeguarding against emerging threats to new technology and business initiatives. This type of intelligence is less about the technical specifics of individual threats and more about understanding the overall threat landscape, regulatory environment, and industry trends to inform high-level strategy and policy.
References:
"The Role of Strategic Intelligence in Cybersecurity," Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
"Cyber Threat Intelligence and the Lessons from Law Enforcement," by Robert M. Lee and David Bianco, SANS Institute Reading Room
NEW QUESTION # 57
Daniel is a professional hacker whose aim is to attack a system to steal data and money for profit. He performs hacking to obtain confidential data such as social security numbers, personally identifiable information (PII) of an employee, and credit card information. After obtaining confidential data, he further sells the information on the black market to make money.
Daniel comes under which of the following types of threat actor.
- A. Insider threat
- B. Organized hackers
- C. Industrial spies
- D. State-sponsored hackers
Answer: B
Explanation:
Daniel's activities align with those typically associated with organized hackers. Organized hackers or cybercriminals work in groups with the primary goal of financial gain through illegal activities such as stealing and selling data. These groups often target large amounts of data, including personal and financial information, which they can monetize by selling on the black market or dark web. Unlike industrial spies who focus on corporate espionage or state-sponsored hackers who are backed by nation-states for political or military objectives, organized hackers are motivated by profit. Insider threats, on the other hand, come from within the organization and might not always be motivated by financial gain. The actions described in the scenario-targeting personal and financial information for sale-best fit the modus operandi of organized cybercriminal groups.
References:
ENISA (European Union Agency for Cybersecurity) Threat Landscape Report Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report
NEW QUESTION # 58
Which of the following types of threat attribution deals with the identification of the specific person, society, or a country sponsoring a well-planned and executed intrusion or attack over its target?
- A. Nation-state attribution
- B. Intrusion-set attribution
- C. Campaign attribution
- D. True attribution
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 59
SecurityTech Inc. is developing a TI plan where it can drive more advantages in less funds. In the process of selecting a TI platform, it wants to incorporate a feature that ranks elements such as intelligence sources, threat actors, attacks, and digital assets of the organization, so that it can put in more funds toward the resources which are critical for the organization's security.
Which of the following key features should SecurityTech Inc. consider in their TI plan for selecting the TI platform?
- A. Open
- B. Search
- C. Scoring
- D. Workflow
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 60
Alice, a threat intelligence analyst at HiTech Cyber Solutions, wants to gather information for identifying emerging threats to the organization and implement essential techniques to prevent their systems and networks from such attacks. Alice is searching for online sources to obtain information such as the method used to launch an attack, and techniques and tools used to perform an attack and the procedures followed for covering the tracks after an attack.
Which of the following online sources should Alice use to gather such information?
- A. Social network settings
- B. Job sites
- C. Financial services
- D. Hacking forums
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 61
Kim, an analyst, is looking for an intelligence-sharing platform to gather and share threat information from a variety of sources. He wants to use this information to develop security policies to enhance the overall security posture of his organization.
Which of the following sharing platforms should be used by Kim?
- A. PortDroid network analysis
- B. Cuckoo sandbox
- C. OmniPeek
- D. Blueliv threat exchange network
Answer: D
Explanation:
The Blueliv Threat Exchange Network is a collaborative platform designed for sharing and receiving threat intelligence among security professionals and organizations. It provides real-time information on global threats, helping participants to enhance their security posture by leveraging shared intelligence. The platform facilitates the exchange ofinformation related to cybersecurity threats, including indicators of compromise (IoCs), tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) of threat actors, and other relevant data. This makes it an ideal choice for Kim, who is looking to gather and share threat information to develop security policies for his organization. In contrast, Cuckoo Sandbox is a malware analysis system, OmniPeek is a network analyzer, and PortDroid is a network analysis application, none of which are primarily designed for intelligence sharing.References:
* Blueliv's official documentation and resources
* "Building an Intelligence-Led Security Program," by Allan Liska
NEW QUESTION # 62
Which of the following types of threat attribution deals with the identification of the specific person, society, or a country sponsoring a well-planned and executed intrusion or attack over its target?
- A. Nation-state attribution
- B. Intrusion-set attribution
- C. Campaign attribution
- D. True attribution
Answer: D
Explanation:
True attribution in the context of cyber threats involves identifying the actual individual, group, or nation-state behind an attack or intrusion. This type of attribution goes beyond associating an attack with certain tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) or a known group and aims to pinpoint the real-world entity responsible.
True attribution ischallenging due to the anonymity of the internet and the use of obfuscation techniques by attackers, but it is crucial for understanding the motive behind an attack and for forming appropriate responses at diplomatic, law enforcement, or cybersecurity levels.References:
* "Attribution of Cyber Attacks: A Framework for an Evidence-Based Analysis" by Jason Healey
* "The Challenges of Attribution in Cyberspace" in the Journal of Cyber Policy
NEW QUESTION # 63
What term describes the trust establishment process, wherein the first organization relies on a body of evidence presented to the second organization, and the level of trust is contingent upon the degree and quality of evidence provided by the initiating organization?
- A. Mediated trust
- B. Validated trust
- C. Direct historical trust
- D. Mandated trust
Answer: B
Explanation:
The scenario describes a trust establishment process where one organization bases its trust in another on the degree and quality of evidence that the second organization provides. This concept is known as Validated Trust.
Validated Trust is built through the verification and assessment of presented evidence such as certifications, security audits, compliance documentation, or past performance. The higher the credibility and quality of the evidence, the greater the level of trust established.
This type of trust is evidence-based, meaning it does not rely solely on previous interactions or third-party mediation but on verifiable proof provided directly between the entities involved.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
* A. Mandated Trust:This is imposed by regulation, policy, or authority. It is not based on evidence but on obligation or requirement.
* B. Direct Historical Trust:This trust is formed from prior experiences and a consistent history of interactions between the entities. It does not depend on new evidence or documentation.
* D. Mediated Trust:This form of trust is established through an intermediary (such as a trusted third party or certificate authority) who vouches for the credibility of one organization to another.
Conclusion:
The process where trust is established based on the degree and quality of evidence provided by one party is known as Validated Trust.
Final Answer: C. Validated Trust
Explanation Reference (Based on CTIA Study Concepts):
According to the CTIA study topics under "Information Sharing and Trust Establishment," validated trust is the level of confidence gained through verification of tangible evidence, certifications, or attestations demonstrating security assurance and reliability.
NEW QUESTION # 64
Which of the following characteristics of APT refers to numerous attempts done by the attacker to gain entry to the target's network?
- A. Timeliness
- B. Multiphased
- C. Risk tolerance
- D. Attack origination points
Answer: B
Explanation:
Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are characterized by their 'Multiphased' nature, referring to the various stages or phases the attacker undertakes to breach a network, remain undetected, and achieve their objectives.
This characteristic includes numerous attempts to gain entry to the target's network, often starting with reconnaissance, followed by initial compromise, and progressing through stages such as establishment of a backdoor, expansion, data exfiltration, and maintaining persistence. This multiphased approach allows attackers to adapt and pursue their objectives despite potential disruptions or initial failures in their campaign.
References:
"Understanding Advanced Persistent Threats and Complex Malware," by FireEye MITRE ATT&CK Framework, detailing the multiphased nature of adversary tactics and techniques
NEW QUESTION # 65
Sam works as an analyst in an organization named InfoTech Security. He was asked to collect information from various threat intelligence sources. In meeting the deadline, he forgot to verify the threat intelligence sources and used data from an open-source data provider, who offered it at a very low cost. Through it was beneficial at the initial stage but relying on such data providers can produce unreliable data and noise putting the organization network into risk.
What mistake Sam did that led to this situation?
- A. Sam used unreliable intelligence sources.
- B. Sam used data without context.
- C. Sam did not use the proper technology to use or consume the information.
- D. Sam did not use the proper standardization formats for representing threat data.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Sam's mistake was using threat intelligence from sources that he did not verify for reliability. Relying on intelligence from unverified or unreliable sources can lead to the incorporation of inaccurate, outdated, or irrelevant information into the organization's threat intelligence program. This can result in "noise," which refers to irrelevant or false information that can distract from real threats, and potentially put the organization's network at risk. Verifying the credibility and reliability of intelligence sources is crucial to ensure that the data used for making security decisions is accurate and actionable.References:
* "Best Practices for Threat Intelligence Sharing," by FIRST (Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams)
* "Evaluating Cyber Threat Intelligence Sources," by Jon DiMaggio, SANS Institute InfoSec Reading
* Room
NEW QUESTION # 66
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The CTIA certification exam covers a wide range of topics, including cyber threat intelligence, analysis techniques, threat hunting, and incident response. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the current cybersecurity landscape and equips candidates with the skills necessary to mitigate potential threats and vulnerabilities.
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